EU-China Summit: Key Details and Impact on Relations

The European Commission is the executive branch of the European Union (EU), responsible for proposing legislation, implementing decisions, upholding the EU treaties, and managing the day-to-day business of the Union. Its primary role is to act as the “guardian of the treaties,” ensuring that EU law is applied uniformly across all member states. The Commission is composed of one commissioner from each EU country, led by a President—currently Ursula von der Leyen—who sets the political direction for the institution. ## History and Evolution Established in 1958 as part of the European Economic Community, the Commission’s powers and responsibilities have expanded alongside the EU itself. Over decades, it has evolved from a technocratic body focused on economic integration to a central player in shaping Europe’s political, social, and digital future. The Commission has been instrumental in creating the single market, launching the euro currency, and driving forward major treaties such as Maastricht and Lisbon. ## Key Achievements The Commission has overseen transformative projects like the European Green Deal, aiming to make Europe the first climate-neutral continent by 2050, and the Digital Single Market, which seeks to harmonize digital regulations and boost Europe’s tech competitiveness. It has also been a driving force behind landmark regulations in data protection (GDPR), artificial intelligence (AI Act), and antitrust enforcement against global tech giants. ## Current Status and Priorities In 2025, the Commission’s work programme underscores a focus on sustainable prosperity, security, competitiveness, and regulatory simplification[1][2][4]. Major initiatives include the Clean Industrial Deal to decarbonize industry, the AI Continent Action Plan to position Europe as a leader in artificial intelligence, and a push to reduce administrative burdens by at least 25% for businesses—especially small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)[1][3][6]. The Commission is also prioritizing the modernization of the single market, investment in clean energy, and strengthening Europe’s strategi

## Overview The **European Union (EU)** is a unique political and economic partnership of 27 European countries that have chosen to work together to promote peace, stability, and prosperity across the continent[4]. Founded in the aftermath of World War II, the EU’s original goal was to foster cooperation among nations to prevent further conflict. Today, it is a major global actor in business, technology, regulation, and international affairs[6]. ## What the EU Does The EU operates as a **supranational union**, meaning it has authority over certain policy areas that transcend national borders, such as trade, competition, environmental standards, and digital regulation[1]. Its institutions—including the European Commission, Parliament, and Council—create laws and policies that member states must adopt, ensuring a level playing field for businesses and citizens across the bloc[6]. The EU’s **Single Market** allows goods, services, capital, and people to move freely, though persistent regulatory barriers still hinder full integration, particularly in services[5][7]. The euro, used by 20 member states, is one of the world’s leading currencies. ## History The EU traces its roots to the 1951 European Coal and Steel Community, founded by six countries: Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands[4]. Over decades, successive treaties expanded its scope and membership. The **Maastricht Treaty** (1993) formally established the EU, and subsequent enlargements brought in countries from Central and Eastern Europe after the Cold War[1]. The **United Kingdom’s exit** in 2020 (Brexit) reduced membership from 28 to 27[4]. ## Key Achievements - **Peace and Stability**: The EU is widely credited with helping maintain peace in Europe for over 70 years. - **Economic Integration**: The Single Market and euro have boosted trade, investment, and economic resilience. - **Regulatory Leadership**: The EU

China is not an organization but a sovereign nation and the world’s second-largest economy, playing a pivotal role in global business and technology. Since initiating economic reforms in 1978, China has transformed from a largely agrarian society into an upper-middle-income country with an average GDP growth of over 9 percent per year for decades, lifting nearly 800 million people out of poverty[2]. The country’s economic model initially focused on investment and export-oriented manufacturing but is now shifting towards higher-value services, domestic consumption, and low-carbon growth to address social, environmental, and structural challenges[2]. China’s government heavily directs industrial policy, promoting domestic innovation and technological self-reliance through plans like “Made in China 2025” and the 14th Five Year Plan (2021-2025). These initiatives target advanced technology sectors such as robotics, aerospace, new energy vehicles, biopharmaceuticals, and high-tech manufacturing, aiming to replace foreign technologies with domestic alternatives and expand China’s global market presence[3]. This industrial strategy combines state subsidies, preferential policies, and strict market access controls for foreign firms, shaping a competitive environment favoring national champions[3]. Despite solid economic growth—real GDP grew by 5.4% year-on-year in early 2025—China faces headwinds including demographic shifts, slowing productivity, a cooling property market, and global trade uncertainties. Growth is projected to moderate to around 4.5% in 2025 and 4.0% in 2026, with fiscal stimulus helping to offset some challenges[1][3][6]. Externally, China remains a major global exporter, with exports outpacing GDP growth in 2025[6]. Notably, China’s governance under President Xi Jinping has tightened control over civil society, media, and minority regions, drawing international scrutiny for human rights issues and repression, especially of Uyghurs and Tibetans[4][9]. Meanwhile, Chin