Meeting between Modi and Xi: A Step Towards a Stable Relationship

Narendra Damodardas Modi, born September 17, 1950, in Vadnagar, Gujarat, is the current Prime Minister of India and a leading figure in the country’s political landscape[1][4]. He is the first Indian prime minister born after India’s independence in 1947[5][7]. Modi’s early life was marked by modest beginnings in a lower-middle-class family, and he became involved with the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), a right-wing Hindu nationalist organization, at a young age[2][4]. His political career began in earnest when he joined the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in the 1980s, rising through its ranks due to his organizational skills and grassroots appeal[2][4]. Modi’s first major political role was as Chief Minister of Gujarat from 2001 to 2014, where he was known for pro-business policies and infrastructure development, though his tenure was also controversial due to the 2002 Gujarat riots, for which he faced criticism but was later cleared by a Supreme Court-appointed investigation[4]. In 2014, Modi led the BJP to a decisive national victory, becoming Prime Minister and ending a long period of coalition governments[1][2]. He was re-elected in 2019 and again in 2024, making him one of India’s longest-serving prime ministers and the first outside the Indian National Congress to achieve such longevity[4][2]. As Prime Minister, Modi has pursued sweeping economic reforms, including the introduction of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) to simplify India’s tax system and the demonetization of high-value currency notes to combat corruption[1][6]. He has launched initiatives like “Make in India” to boost manufacturing, “Digital India” to expand internet access, and “Atmanirbhar Bharat” (Self-Reliant India) to reduce import dependency, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic[6]. His government has also implemented large-scale welfare programs such as Ayushman Bharat (health insurance for the poor), Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (financial inclusion), and Ujjwala Yojana (clean cooking fuel for rural households)[5]. Modi’s tenure has seen a marked shift in India’s foreign policy, with increased global engagement, strategic partnerships, and advocacy for a permanent UN Security Council seat[3]. Domestically, his leadership has been associated with a rise in Hindu nationalist sentiment and policies appealing to the Hindu majority[1]. While his economic reforms have expanded the tax base and modernized infrastructure, critics point to challenges such as unemployment and rising living costs[1]. Modi remains a central and polarizing figure in Indian politics, with his policies and persona continuing to shape the nation’s direction into the mid-2020s[2][4].

Xi Jinping is a prominent Chinese politician born on June 15, 1953, in Fuping, Shaanxi Province. He is the son of Xi Zhongxun, a veteran of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). During the Cultural Revolution, Xi was sent to rural Yanchuan County, Shaanxi, where he eventually joined the CCP in 1974. He studied chemical engineering at Tsinghua University as a worker-peasant-soldier student and later earned a Doctor of Law degree from the university through an in-service graduate program in Marxist theory and ideological and political education[1][5]. Xi rose through the ranks of the CCP, serving as governor of Fujian from 1999 to 2002 and then as governor and party secretary of Zhejiang from 2002 to 2007. He briefly served as the party secretary of Shanghai in 2007 before joining the Politburo Standing Committee the same year. In 2012, he became the general secretary of the CCP and chairman of the Central Military Commission, marking the beginning of his tenure as China's paramount leader. Since 2013, Xi has also held the position of President of the People's Republic of China[1][3]. Under Xi's leadership, China has made significant strides in reducing poverty and curbing corruption. He has been praised for his efforts in these areas, which were highlighted in a historical resolution passed by the CCP in 2021[3]. Recent developments include Xi's re-election to a third term as general secretary of the CCP in October 2022 and his third term as president of China in March 2023, following constitutional changes that removed term limits for the presidency[3]. Xi's influence has been further solidified by the composition of the 20th Politburo Standing Committee, which consists of his loyalists[3].

Donald John Trump, born June 14, 1946, in Queens, New York, is an American businessman, media personality, and politician. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School in 1968 with a degree in economics. In 1971, he took over his family’s real estate business, renaming it the Trump Organization, through which he expanded into building and managing skyscrapers, hotels, casinos, and golf courses. Trump gained widespread fame as the host of the reality TV show *The Apprentice* from 2004 to 2015, which helped establish his public persona as a successful entrepreneur. Trump entered politics as a Republican and was elected the 45th president of the United States, serving from 2017 to 2021. His presidency was marked by significant policy actions including tax cuts, deregulation, the appointment of three Supreme Court justices, renegotiation of trade agreements (notably replacing NAFTA with the USMCA), and a focus on immigration control including border wall expansion. He withdrew the U.S. from international agreements such as the Paris Climate Accord and the Iran nuclear deal, and engaged in a trade war with China. His administration’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic was criticized for downplaying the virus’s severity. Trump was impeached twice by the House of Representatives—first in 2019 for abuse of power and obstruction, and again in 2021 for incitement of insurrection—but was acquitted by the Senate both times. After losing the 2020 election to Joe Biden, Trump challenged the results, culminating in the January 6, 2021, Capitol riot. He remains a central figure in American politics, having won the 2024 presidential election and returned as the 47th president in 2025, continuing to promote policies aimed at economic growth, border security, and military strength[1][2][3][4].