The U.S. Department of Education (ED), established in 1979, is a federal agency responsible for shaping education policy, administering federal aid, and promoting student achievement and equal access to education across the nation[1][9]. Its mission centers on preparing students for global competitiveness by fostering educational excellence and ensuring equal opportunities for all learners[1]. The Department manages a broad portfolio, including elementary and secondary education programs serving over 55 million students in approximately 134,000 public and private schools, as well as grant, loan, and work-study assistance for around 10 million undergraduates[1]. Created to strengthen federal commitment to equal educational opportunity, the Department supplements state and local efforts, encourages public involvement, supports federally funded research, and works to improve efficiency and accountability in education programs[1]. It functions as the primary conduit for federal funding to public K-12 schools and higher education institutions, distributing billions annually—over $60 billion in regular federal school funding plus additional pandemic-related funds[3][4]. Despite its pivotal role, the Department has faced ongoing political controversy, particularly from conservative circles advocating for its reduction or elimination, arguing that education governance should be localized[3]. In 2025, an executive order directed steps toward potentially closing the Department, although full abolition requires Congressional approval and remains uncertain[2][4]. This political uncertainty has led to staff reductions and canceled contracts, raising concerns among educators and professional organizations about impacts on student services and special education funding[2][3]. In parallel, state governments and education leaders focus on evolving education policy themes such as K-12 funding, workforce development, teacher workforce challenges, academic achievement, and mental health support, highlighting the dynamic interplay between federal and state roles in education[5]. Technologically and administratively, the Department continues to manage vast data and funding systems, aiming to modernize education delivery and accountability while navigating political pressures and shifting federal priorities[6][8]. Its notable impact lies in coordinating large-scale federa