Egypt is a transcontinental country bridging Africa and Asia, with a mixed developing economy that ranks as the **second-largest in Africa** and 44th worldwide as of 2025[1]. It is a major emerging market and an active member of the African Union, BRICS, and the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA)[1]. Egypt’s economy combines private enterprise with centralized planning and government regulation, undergoing significant reforms since the 2000s to promote market orientation, fiscal discipline, and foreign investment[1]. Key reforms include fiscal and monetary policy adjustments, privatization, and business-friendly legislation, all supporting Egypt’s macroeconomic growth and addressing high unemployment and poverty rates[1]. Notably, in 2024, Egypt floated its currency, resulting in a 38% depreciation of the Egyptian pound, which, alongside over $50 billion in international financing from partners like the IMF and World Bank, helped stabilize the economy and improve its credit outlook[1][2]. Egypt’s strategic geographic location as a gateway to Africa, Asia, and Europe, coupled with its large domestic market and diverse sectors such as agriculture, manufacturing, and services, presents significant investment potential[2]. Its trade performance is strengthening, with higher export volumes and reduced import pressures in early 2025, supported by government initiatives like export subsidies and trade facilitation reforms[4]. The Central Bank’s adoption of a flexible, market-driven foreign exchange regime has improved currency stability and export competitiveness[4]. Despite challenges from global shocks like the Ukraine conflict and regional instability, Egypt’s economy is resilient and forecasted to grow from 2.4% in 2024 to 4.6% by 2027, driven by private consumption and investment growth[2][4]. The government also supports small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) through recent tax breaks and simplified tax collection to boost private sector dynamism[6]. Egypt ranks 86th in the 2025 Global Innovation Inde