The **European Central Bank (ECB)** is the central monetary authority for the Eurozone, comprising 19 European Union (EU) countries that use the euro as their currency. Established in 1998 and headquartered in Frankfurt, Germany, its primary mission is to **maintain price stability** by targeting an inflation rate of **2% over the medium term**, ensuring the euro retains its purchasing power and supporting economic growth and job creation across member states[1][2][4][5]. The ECB’s key functions include defining and implementing the monetary policy of the Eurozone, conducting foreign exchange operations, managing the official reserves of member states, and ensuring the smooth operation of payment systems. It also holds the exclusive right to authorize the issuance of euro banknotes within the Eurozone[1][3]. The monetary policy decisions are made by the Governing Council, which consists of six Executive Board members and the governors of national central banks, meeting every six weeks to assess economic and financial developments[4][5]. Beyond monetary policy, the ECB has taken on significant supervisory responsibilities since the global financial crisis, overseeing the safety and soundness of major banks in the Eurozone to maintain financial stability and protect depositors’ money. This supervisory role is carried out in coordination with national supervisory authorities and involves a Supervisory Board that plans and executes these functions[1][2][3][6]. Historically, the ECB became responsible for the euro’s monetary policy from 1999, when the first 11 EU countries irrevocably fixed their exchange rates to the euro. Since then, it has played a crucial role in navigating financial crises, including the European sovereign debt crisis, by using innovative policy tools such as quantitative easing and negative interest rates to stabilize the economy and foster recovery[5][7]. Notably, the ECB’s headquarters, completed in 2014, symbolizes its central role in European integration. Under President Christine Lagarde’s leadership since 2019, th