The **Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)** is India's premier space agency, headquartered in Bengaluru, Karnataka. Established in 1969, ISRO is a key component of the Department of Space (DOS), with its chief executive also serving as the chairman of the Space Commission and secretary of the DOS[1][2]. ISRO's primary mission is to harness space technology for national development, focusing on areas like satellite communications, resource management, navigation, and meteorology[3]. **History and Evolution:** ISRO evolved from the Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR), set up in 1962 by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. INCOSPAR laid the groundwork for India's space program, and its transformation into ISRO marked a significant shift towards more complex space activities[1][3]. **Key Achievements:** ISRO has achieved numerous milestones: - **Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan):** India became the first Asian nation to reach Martian orbit on its maiden attempt[5]. - **Chandrayaan Missions:** Chandrayaan-1 confirmed water on the Moon, while Chandrayaan-3 landed near the lunar south pole, a historic feat[5]. - **Navigation and Commercial Launches:** ISRO operates the NAVIC navigation system and has conducted numerous commercial satellite launches using the PSLV, known as the "workhorse" of ISRO[6]. **Current Status and Notable Aspects:** - **Gaganyaan Human Spaceflight Program:** ISRO is advancing its human spaceflight ambitions with the Gaganyaan project, aiming to send Indian astronauts to space[5]. - **Collaborations and Reforms:** ISRO has collaborated with NASA on the NISAR mission and has been involved in space docking experiments like SpaDeX[2][5]. - **Private Sector Engagement:** The Indian government has established IN-SPACe to facilitate private