The **Indonesian Army (TNI-AD)** is the land branch of the Indonesian National Armed Forces, responsible for land defense and internal security with about 300,000 to 395,000 active personnel. It traces its origins to 1945 as the *Tentara Keamanan Rakyat* (People's Security Army), formed during Indonesia’s independence struggle. Since then, it has played a central role in national defense, internal security, and regional conflicts, including the incorporation of Western New Guinea, the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation, and operations in East Timor, Aceh, Maluku, and Papua[1][3][4][9]. Organizationally, the Army consists of a headquarters, 15 military regional commands (*Kodam*), a strategic reserve command (*Kostrad*), and the elite special forces command (*Kopassus*). *Kostrad* serves as a rapid reaction force, while *Kopassus*, with 4,000 to 6,000 personnel, is expanding to cover Indonesia’s five largest islands under the "Large Islands Defence Strategy," enhancing regional defense capabilities[1][6]. The Army has undergone significant transformation in recent years, including plans to expand its territorial presence by increasing *Kodam* from 15 to 37 by 2025 and establishing 100 territorial development battalions to strengthen its domestic reach. This expansion reflects a possible reassertion of the military’s “dual function,” a doctrine that merges defense with civilian governance roles, raising discussions about the Army’s influence in politics[5]. The Indonesian Army has a complex legacy, marked by military achievements and controversies, particularly regarding human rights issues in conflict zones. It remains a pivotal institution in Indonesia’s national security architecture, adapting to modern strategic challenges through structural reforms and enhanced operational capabilities[1][3][5][6]. For business and technology observers, the Army’s modernization efforts, strategic expansio