Roscosmos, officially known as the Roscosmos State Corporation for Space Activities, is the central organization responsible for Russia’s space program, aerospace research, and the development of space infrastructure. Headquartered in Moscow, Roscosmos oversees everything from satellite launches and human spaceflight to scientific research and military space projects. It operates major launch facilities, including the historic Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan and the newer Vostochny Cosmodrome in Russia’s Far East. Founded in 1992 as the Russian Federal Space Agency, Roscosmos emerged from the Soviet Union’s pioneering space program, which achieved several world firsts: Sputnik 1 (the first artificial satellite), Yuri Gagarin (the first human in space), and the first space station, Salyut. In 2015, the agency was restructured into a state corporation, consolidating Russia’s space industry under direct government control. Roscosmos is best known for its Soyuz spacecraft, which has been instrumental in human spaceflight for decades. The agency is a major partner in the International Space Station (ISS), regularly launching both crew and cargo missions. It also operates the Progress spacecraft for ISS resupply and developed the GLONASS satellite navigation system, Russia’s answer to GPS. Beyond Earth orbit, Roscosmos has launched missions to the Moon, Mars, and Venus, and is planning future lunar and Venusian exploration, including a proposed crewed lunar base in collaboration with China. The organization also runs biological experiments and space telescopes, contributing to global scientific knowledge. Despite its storied legacy, Roscosmos faces challenges, including budget constraints and questions about its ability to meet ambitious future goals. Nevertheless, it remains a key player in global space exploration, with a rich history and a continued focus on innovation in aerospace technology.