The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) is the highest judicial authority in the U.S. federal judiciary, serving as the ultimate arbiter of constitutional and federal law. Established by Article III of the Constitution and formally created by the Judiciary Act of 1789, SCOTUS functions primarily as an appellate court, reviewing cases that involve significant legal and constitutional questions. It also holds limited original jurisdiction over specific cases, such as disputes between states or cases involving ambassadors[1][2][3]. SCOTUS consists of nine justices: one Chief Justice and eight Associate Justices. These justices are nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate, holding lifetime appointments to ensure judicial independence from political pressures. The Chief Justice leads the Court, presides over oral arguments, and manages administrative duties within the federal judiciary. The current Chief Justice is John G. Roberts Jr., appointed in 2005[1][3][5]. Historically, the Court gained prominence under Chief Justice John Marshall in the early 19th century, particularly with the landmark case *Marbury v. Madison* (1803), which established the principle of judicial review—the power to invalidate laws conflicting with the Constitution. This case set a foundational precedent, positioning SCOTUS as a guardian and interpreter of the Constitution[3][5]. SCOTUS has shaped American law and society through landmark rulings such as *Brown v. Board of Education*, ending school segregation, and *Roe v. Wade*, affirming reproductive rights. Its decisions are final and binding, significantly influencing legal and public policy across the nation[6][7]. Notably, the Court operates within the Supreme Court Building in Washington, D.C., and includes specialized officers who assist in its functions, such as the Clerk, Librarian, and Director of Information Technology. The Court’s role remains vital in balancing powers among the branches of government, ensuring equal justice under law, and adapting to evolving societal challenges[1][8