Saudi Arabia is a unitary absolute monarchy governed by the Al Saud royal family, with King Salman as the head of state and Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman holding significant executive power, including serving as Prime Minister since 2022[1][3][8]. The country’s governance structure is based on Islamic law (Sharia), with the Quran considered the constitution, and royal decrees shaping legislation[2]. The King oversees the Council of Ministers, which manages executive functions such as foreign policy, defense, finance, and education[1][2]. Historically, Saudi Arabia was founded by King Abdulaziz Al Saud in the early 20th century, uniting disparate tribes and regions under a single kingdom. Succession traditionally stays within the family, selected by consensus or the Allegiance Council[3]. The kingdom’s political system blends tribal traditions with religious authority, closely aligning with Wahhabi religious leaders for social and political control[3]. Economically, Saudi Arabia is known for its vast oil reserves, with Saudi Aramco being the world’s largest oil company. In recent years, the kingdom has embarked on ambitious reforms under Vision 2030, a strategic plan to diversify its economy beyond oil, attract foreign investment, and develop sectors like tourism and technology[4]. Vision 2030 promotes privatization, corporate governance improvements, and mega-projects such as NEOM, a futuristic economic zone[4]. The Public Investment Fund (PIF), chaired by the Crown Prince, plays a key role in these initiatives by investing domestically and internationally, although it has faced criticism related to human rights concerns and controversial development practices[6]. Saudi Arabia’s legal and business environment is evolving, with reforms in corporate governance and increasing inclusion of women in leadership roles[2][4]. The government permits full foreign ownership in most sectors except strategic ones like oil exploration[9]. Despite economic modernization, the kingdom remains an absolute monarchy with limited political freedoms and human rights challenges[7]. This comple