The **Saudi government** is an absolute monarchy led by the King, who serves as head of state and historically also as head of government until 2022, when Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman was appointed Prime Minister, becoming the country's *de facto* ruler. The government operates under Islamic law (Sharia) with the Quran and Sunnah as its constitutional foundation, and political parties or national elections are not permitted. Executive authority is vested in the King and the Council of Ministers, which includes 23 ministers managing key sectors such as foreign policy, defense, finance, health, and education. The legislative role is limited to a 150-member Consultative Assembly appointed by the King, which can propose but not enact laws[1][2][3][9]. The Saudi government has a centralized decision-making structure dominated by the royal family, especially under Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, who has consolidated political and economic power since 2015. He also chairs the Public Investment Fund (PIF), the kingdom’s sovereign wealth fund, which advances major economic projects domestically and abroad, though not without controversy related to human rights and forced evictions linked to some PIF-backed developments[5]. A landmark recent achievement is the **abolition of the Kafala sponsorship system in 2025**, a decades-old labor framework that tied migrant workers' residency and employment rights to local sponsors. This reform, aligned with the Crown Prince’s Vision 2030 modernization goals, grants migrant workers greater freedom to change jobs, travel, and access labor courts, representing a significant step toward improving labor rights and attracting foreign investment[4]. Internationally, the Saudi government is recognized for its ambitious Vision 2030 economic diversification plan, aiming to reduce oil dependence by boosting the private sector’s GDP contribution to 65% and increasing foreign direct investment. Despite these reforms, Saudi Arabia remains classified as one of the least democratic countries globally, with severe restrictions on political and civil liberties[6][8]. Notably, Saud