Sam Rivers (September 25, 1923 – December 26, 2011) was an influential American jazz musician and composer, best known as a tenor saxophonist but also skilled on soprano saxophone, bass clarinet, flute, harmonica, piano, and viola. Born in El Reno, Oklahoma, Rivers grew up exposed to music through his gospel-musician father and studied at the Boston Conservatory under composer Alan Hovhaness, who introduced him to free music concepts beyond traditional jazz structures[1][3][4]. Rivers’ career began in the early 1950s, performing with artists like Quincy Jones, Herb Pomeroy, and Billie Holiday. In 1964, he joined the Miles Davis Quintet briefly, transitioning from blues to more avant-garde jazz, and signed with Blue Note Records, releasing groundbreaking albums such as *Fuchsia Swing Song* (1965), *Contours* (1965), and *A New Conception* (1966). His work combined a deep blues foundation with experimental free jazz, distinguishing him from contemporaries with a unique style grounded in groove and innovation[1][2][4][7]. In the 1970s, Rivers and his wife Beatrice ran Studio Rivbea in New York City, a key venue for experimental jazz and the loft jazz scene. He led various ensembles including the Studio Rivbea big band and the Winds of Change wind ensemble, further pushing jazz boundaries through composition and performance[3][4]. Rivers’ influence extended over decades, collaborating with major jazz figures such as Tony Williams, Herbie Hancock, and Cecil Taylor. His command of music theory and orchestration made him a respected figure in jazz composition and improvisation[1][4][7]. Though Rivers passed away in 2011, his legacy endures through his recordings and the impact he had on free jazz and experimental music, marking him as a significant and innovative voice in 20th-century jazz history[1][3].