The **International Space Station (ISS)** is a modular space laboratory and orbital outpost operating in low Earth orbit since 2000, serving as a unique platform for scientific research, technology development, and international cooperation in space. It was designed between 1984 and 1993 and constructed through a partnership among NASA (USA), Roscosmos (Russia), ESA (Europe), JAXA (Japan), and CSA (Canada), with contributions from multiple countries and commercial partners[2][3]. The ISS functions as a laboratory, observatory, and factory in microgravity, enabling experiments across biology, physics, materials science, and Earth observation that are impossible on Earth. It also acts as a staging base for future deep-space missions to the Moon, Mars, and asteroids. Over 290 individuals from 26 countries have visited the station by 2025, reflecting its role as a hub for international collaboration[2]. Key achievements include continuous human presence in orbit for over 25 years (celebrated in 2025), advancements in medical research such as gene therapies for macular degeneration, and studies of muscle aging using tissue chips in microgravity. The ISS supports innovative commercial activities, including partnerships with private companies like SpaceX and Axiom Space for crew transport and module additions. Recent Russian modules like *Nauka* and *Prichal* have expanded the station’s capabilities, supported by robotic systems such as the European Robotic Arm[1][2][4][5]. Currently, the ISS operates with a crew executing expeditions and spacewalks, conducting experiments like the NICER X-ray telescope, and supporting commercial and educational missions. The station’s modular design allows for adaptability, with 43 modules installed as of mid-2025. NASA’s ongoing plans emphasize expanding scientific output, growing the low Earth orbit economy, and maintaining the ISS as a testbed for future exploration[1][2][3]. Notably, the ISS also fosters public engagement throug