The term **"Israeli authorities"** broadly refers to the various branches and agencies of the Israeli government responsible for governance, law enforcement, public administration, and policy implementation within Israel and the territories it controls. These authorities operate under a parliamentary democratic system characterized by a multiparty framework, independent institutions, and significant focus on transparency, accountability, and technological innovation[1][8]. **Functions and Governance:** Israeli authorities oversee domestic policy, security, judicial matters, economic regulation, and public services. They govern Israeli citizens under civil law, while applying military law to Palestinians in the West Bank, a dual system that has drawn international scrutiny and criticism due to human rights concerns, particularly related to the conflict with Palestinians[3]. The government emphasizes open governance principles, promoting transparency, public participation, and technological innovation to strengthen public trust and improve service delivery, as outlined in the Israel Open Government National Action Plan 2023-2025[1]. **Historical and Political Context:** Since its establishment in 1948, Israeli authorities have evolved with a strong focus on national security and economic development. The political landscape is dynamic, with frequent elections and coalition governments. Recently, public trust in institutions, especially the judiciary, has fluctuated amid political controversies, including judicial overhaul plans proposed by Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s government[2]. These tensions have impacted public confidence in governance and legal institutions. **Key Achievements:** Israeli authorities have fostered a robust economy with advanced technological and innovation sectors, positioning Israel as a global leader in high-tech and cybersecurity. They have also committed to international agreements such as the WTO Agreement on Government Procurement, facilitating global trade and investment[6]. Efforts to enhance public governance and citizen engagement through digital transformation and open government initiatives mark notable progress. **Current Status and Challenges:** The Israeli government remains a central player in ongoing regional conflicts, managing complex security challenges and international relations. Human rights organizations and international bodies have criticized Israeli authorities for actions in Gaza and the West Bank, including military operation