The **New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (NYC Health Department)** is one of the largest and oldest municipal public health agencies globally, with over 7,000 employees and an annual budget of $1.6 billion. It serves more than 8 million residents across the five boroughs, working to protect and promote public health through a broad range of services and initiatives[2][4]. Founded over two centuries ago, the NYC Health Department has evolved into a comprehensive organization addressing diverse health challenges including infectious diseases, substance use, tobacco control, health inequities, and climate change effects[2][4]. It operates essential functions such as food establishment inspections, dog licensing, birth certification, and neighborhood health clinics, which are critical to everyday public health maintenance. Behind the scenes, epidemiologists and disease detectives analyze health patterns and investigate outbreaks, shaping city policies and health agendas[2]. Key achievements include pioneering disease surveillance and control programs, advancing health equity, and developing innovative policies to tackle social determinants of health. The department’s commitment to equity ensures that all New Yorkers, regardless of immigration status or ability to pay, have access to quality health care and city health services[2][4]. The NYC Health Department collaborates closely with NYC Health + Hospitals, the nation’s largest municipal healthcare system, which provides extensive services including primary care, urgent care, behavioral health, specialty services, and correctional health care. With over 45,000 healthcare professionals, NYC Health + Hospitals serves over one million patients annually, emphasizing culturally responsive care and health equity[3]. Overall, the NYC Health Department exemplifies a modern, data-driven public health agency using research, community engagement, and policy innovation to improve health outcomes and ensure the well-being of all New Yorkers in a complex urban environment[2][4].