Strong Earnings from Alphabet and US-Japan Trade Agreement Drive Stock Market to Record Highs

## Overview Alphabet Inc. is a multinational technology conglomerate and the parent company of Google, along with a diverse portfolio of subsidiaries ranging from artificial intelligence and autonomous vehicles to life sciences and cybersecurity[1][3][7]. Headquartered in Mountain View, California, Alphabet is one of the world’s most valuable companies, consistently ranking among the top three technology firms by revenue and profit[3]. ## History Alphabet’s roots trace back to Google, founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin in 1998 as a search engine project at Stanford University[2][6]. Google rapidly expanded beyond search, acquiring YouTube in 2006 and launching Android in 2008, both of which became industry-defining platforms[4]. To manage its growing complexity and foster innovation in its “moonshot” ventures, Page and Brin announced the creation of Alphabet as a holding company in August 2015, finalizing the restructuring on October 2, 2015[1][3][5]. This move separated Google’s core internet services from other ambitious projects, providing greater transparency, accountability, and operational independence for each business unit[1][5][7]. ## Key Achievements - **Google’s Dominance**: Alphabet’s largest subsidiary, Google, remains the global leader in search, online advertising, and cloud computing, with products like Gmail, Google Maps, and Chrome used by billions[2][3]. - **Strategic Acquisitions**: The acquisition of YouTube and the development of Android solidified Alphabet’s presence in video streaming and mobile operating systems[4]. - **Innovation in AI and Moonshots**: Alphabet has pioneered advances in artificial intelligence, self-driving technology (Waymo), life sciences (Verily), and longevity research (Calico), pushing the boundaries of tech innovation[4][7]. - **Financial Performance**: As of 2025, Alphabet boasts a market capitalization of roughly $2 trillion, reflecting its robust

Google, a subsidiary of Alphabet Inc., is a global technology leader primarily known for its internet-related products and services, including its dominant search engine, advertising platforms, cloud computing, software, and hardware offerings. Founded in 1998 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin, Google has evolved from a simple search engine into a diversified tech giant with significant influence across multiple sectors[2][8]. The company’s core business revolves around Google Services, which includes Search, YouTube, Android, Chrome, Google Maps, Google Play, and advertising. Its advertising business remains the largest revenue driver, underpinning ambitious investments in emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and cloud computing. Google Cloud, a major growth segment, offers infrastructure, platform services, and enterprise tools like Google Workspace, providing AI-powered solutions for data analytics, cybersecurity, and collaboration[2]. Google has consistently pioneered innovations in AI, demonstrated recently at Google I/O 2025, where it showcased advances in AI-powered search and personalization, emphasizing local discovery and smarter user experiences. AI integration also reshapes local business visibility through enhancements in the Google Business Profile, enabling businesses to better engage customers with AI-driven communication and search optimization[3][5][6]. Financially, Alphabet crossed a landmark $3 trillion market capitalization in September 2025, joining a select group of tech giants due to robust revenue growth driven by AI, resilient advertising, and expanding cloud services. This milestone reflects Google’s strategic balance between its dominant ads engine and scaling innovative bets[1]. Culturally, Google in 2025 maintains its commitment to innovation, openness, and user focus while adapting to business realities. It remains a top employer, known for fostering employee empowerment and evolving workplace policies to attract and retain talent, marking its maturity as a global tech leader with over 150,000 employees[4]. In summary, Google represents a transformative force in technology and business, blending AI-driven innovation, dominant market presence, and cultural adaptability to shap

**Nasdaq** (National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations) is a premier American stock exchange, recognized as the second-largest globally by market capitalization and the first fully electronic stock market. Founded in 1971 and headquartered in New York City, Nasdaq revolutionized trading by introducing an automated, transparent, and efficient platform, setting a technological benchmark for global financial markets[1]. Nasdaq operates as both a stock exchange and a technology company through its parent, Nasdaq, Inc., which also owns multiple other U.S. and Nordic exchanges. It hosts over 4,000 listed companies, including prominent technology giants, foreign firms primarily from China and Israel, and a broad range of industries. Its indices, notably the Nasdaq Composite and Nasdaq-100, are key barometers of technology sector performance and innovation trends[1]. Historically, Nasdaq's achievements include pioneering electronic trading systems, leading market innovations such as the Advanced Computerized Execution System (ACES), and continuously enhancing market accessibility and liquidity. Its fully electronic model has driven high trading volumes, making it the most active U.S. stock market by volume. Nasdaq also plans to expand trading hours to 24 hours a day, five days a week, pending regulatory approval as of early 2025[1]. In recent years, Nasdaq has demonstrated robust financial growth; Q1 2025 earnings showed a 12.5% revenue increase year-over-year to $1.2 billion, with its solutions business growing 11%, reflecting strong demand for market technology and data services. The annual recurring revenue reached $2.8 billion, indicating solid future revenue visibility[2]. Nasdaq continues to benefit from megatrends such as artificial intelligence commercialization, semiconductor industry leadership, and cloud infrastructure expansion, which dominate the growth narrative on its platform[5]. Overall, Nasdaq remains a cutting-edge financial market hub that blends technology innovation with capital market leadership, serving as a vital engine for global busines

The S&P 500, officially known as the Standard & Poor’s 500, is a revered stock market index tracking the performance of 500 of the largest publicly traded companies in the United States[1]. Managed by S&P Dow Jones Indices—a joint venture majority-owned by S&P Global—the S&P 500 is widely recognized as a leading barometer of the U.S. stock market and, by extension, the broader economy[1][7]. It accounts for roughly 80% of the total market capitalization of U.S. public companies, with an aggregate value exceeding $57 trillion as of August 2025[1]. The index is weighted by market capitalization, meaning larger companies exert a greater influence on its movements[1][2]. Its top holdings include tech giants like Nvidia, Microsoft, Apple, and Alphabet, which together represent a significant portion of the index’s total value[1]. ## History and Evolution The S&P 500 traces its origins to 1923, when the Standard Statistics Company (later becoming Standard & Poor’s) launched an index of 233 companies[3]. In 1957, it expanded to include approximately 500 companies, formalizing the structure familiar today[3]. Over the decades, the index has evolved into a cornerstone of global finance, reflecting the dynamism of the U.S. economy and the rise of sectors like technology, healthcare, and consumer goods. ## Purpose and Impact The S&P 500 serves multiple critical roles: it is a benchmark for investment portfolios, a basis for passive index funds and ETFs, and a key input for economic forecasting tools like the Conference Board Leading Economic Index[1][6]. For companies, inclusion in the S&P 500 is prestigious and financially impactful, often triggering significant buying activity as funds tracking the index adjust their holdings[2]. For investors, the index offers a convenient, diversified exposure to the U.S. equity market through index funds and ETFs[4