Controversial Israeli Settlement Plans in West Bank

## Overview and Functions The Palestinian Authority (PA), also known as the Palestinian National Authority (PNA), is the interim governing body for Palestinians in parts of the Israeli-occupied West Bank[1]. Established under the 1993 Oslo Accords between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), its original mandate was to administer limited self-governance in designated Palestinian areas during a five-year interim period, after which final-status negotiations were expected to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict[1][3]. The PA is responsible for civil administration—including education, health, and municipal services—and internal security in areas classified as “A” and “B” under the Oslo framework, but not in “C” areas, which remain under full Israeli control[1]. Its operations are headquartered in Ramallah, West Bank[2]. ## History and Development The PA formally began operations in 1994, following Israeli military withdrawals from Gaza and Jericho[4]. The first Palestinian elections in 1996 brought Yasser Arafat to the presidency and established the Palestinian Legislative Council (PLC)[4]. The PA’s early years were marked by institution-building and efforts to curb violence, as stipulated by the Oslo Accords, though continued unrest and political rivalries complicated its mandate[4]. After Arafat’s death in 2004, Mahmoud Abbas assumed leadership, and in 2013, he decreed the PA’s official name change to the “State of Palestine,” reflecting UN recognition of Palestine as a non-member observer state in 2012[1][3]. ## Key Achievements The PA’s main achievement has been the creation of administrative structures in the West Bank, including ministries for finance, health, education, and technology[6]. It has managed to deliver basic public services despite significant political and financial constraints. The PA has also engaged in international diplomacy, securing recognition for Palestine at the UN and maintaining relations with numerous countries[3

The United Nations (UN) is a pivotal international organization established in 1945, following the devastation of World War II, with the primary goal of maintaining global peace and security, fostering international cooperation, and promoting social progress. The UN Charter, signed by 51 founding member states, including the United States, the United Kingdom, China, and the Soviet Union, laid the foundation for this ambitious endeavor[1][3]. ## History and Structure The UN was born out of the failures of its predecessor, the League of Nations, which failed to prevent World War II. Key planning meetings, such as the Dumbarton Oaks Conference in 1944, defined the UN's structure, which includes the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of Justice, and the Secretariat[1][6]. The Security Council, with five permanent members (the United States, China, France, Russia, and the United Kingdom), holds significant influence due to its veto power[2]. ## Key Achievements Over the years, the UN has played a crucial role in conflict resolution, human rights advocacy, and sustainable development. Notable achievements include the establishment of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 and the implementation of numerous peacekeeping missions worldwide[3][4]. The UN has also been instrumental in addressing global challenges such as climate change and pandemics through its various programs and agencies. ## Current Status Today, the UN comprises 193 member states, with its most recent addition being South Sudan in 2011[5]. The organization continues to evolve, addressing emerging issues like digital governance and cybersecurity. Despite challenges, the UN remains a cornerstone of international diplomacy and cooperation. ## Notable Aspects The UN's work is not limited to politics; it also impacts business and technology through initiatives that promote sustainable development and digital inclusion. Its role in setting global standards and fostering international cooperation makes it a significant player in shaping the

The European Union (EU) is a unique economic and political partnership between 27 European countries, aiming to promote peace, stability, and economic cooperation. Established in 1993, the EU has evolved significantly since its inception, with key milestones including the introduction of the euro currency in 1999 and the expansion to include 27 member states. **History and Key Achievements:** - **Founding:** The EU's origins trace back to the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in 1951, which evolved into the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1957. Over time, it expanded into the European Union with the Maastricht Treaty in 1992. - **Economic Integration:** The EU has fostered economic integration through the Single Market, allowing free movement of goods, services, and people among member states. - **Common Currency:** The euro, introduced in 1999, is used by 20 of the 27 member states, promoting economic stability and facilitating trade. **Current Status:** - **Challenges:** The EU faces ongoing challenges, including climate change, migration, and geopolitical tensions, particularly with Russia's aggression in Ukraine. - **Economic Outlook:** Euro area growth is forecast to remain weak in 2025, with GDP projected to expand by less than 1%[8]. - **Innovative Initiatives:** The EU is actively working on enhancing its technological and economic competitiveness, with initiatives like the Clean Industrial Deal and the Competitiveness Compass[4]. **Notable Aspects:** - **State of the Union Address:** The annual State of the Union address by the European Commission President outlines key priorities and initiatives for the year ahead, such as Ursula von der Leyen's 2025 address focusing on security, Ukraine support, and climate action[1][5]. - **Global Influence:** The EU is a significant player in global affairs, with initiatives like the Global Gateway aimed at sustainable development