Trump's Latest Tariffs and Their Impact on the Global Market

Russia, officially known as the Russian Federation, is not an organization but a sovereign state and the largest country in the world by land area, spanning Eastern Europe and northern Asia. With a population of nearly 144 million as of 2025, Russia ranks ninth globally by population and is characterized by significant ethnic diversity, with over 80% identifying as ethnic Russians and numerous minority groups contributing to its cultural tapestry[4]. The capital, Moscow, is a major global city and the country’s political, economic, and technological hub. ## Historical Overview Russia’s history is marked by its transformation from the Tsarist Empire to the Soviet Union and, after its dissolution in 1991, to the present-day Russian Federation. The post-Soviet era saw Russia’s integration into the global economy, though it retained a centralized political system with power concentrated in the presidency[7]. The country’s economy, historically resource-based, relies heavily on oil, gas, and minerals, but has also developed significant industrial, technological, and military sectors. ## Economic Profile and Key Achievements Russia’s economy is the world’s twelfth-largest consumer market, with about 70% of GDP driven by domestic consumption[1]. It has a “very high” Human Development Index ranking and boasts the fifth-highest number of billionaires globally, though income inequality and regional disparities remain pronounced[1]. Major achievements include surviving extensive Western sanctions after the 2022 invasion of Ukraine, maintaining economic stability through increased military spending, and pivoting energy exports to Asia[1][5]. The country has also played a leading role in the BRICS bloc, advocating for reforms in the international financial system and promoting technological innovation among developing economies[6]. ## Current Status and Challenges As of late 2025, Russia’s economy is experiencing a pronounced slowdown, with GDP growth cooling to around 1% after robust expansion in 2023–2024[2][3]. High military expenditure (

India, officially the Republic of India, is the world's most populous democracy and the fifth-largest economy with a GDP of approximately $4.2 trillion as of 2025. It is a major global player in business and technology, boasting a robust and diverse economy that grew at about 6.5-7.8% in recent fiscal years, making it the fastest-growing major economy worldwide[1][2][4]. Historically, India has a rich cultural and civilizational heritage dating back over 9,000 years, with early urbanization in the Indus Valley Civilization and the development of significant religious and social systems such as Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. Since gaining independence in 1947, it has evolved into a vibrant democracy with a complex socio-economic structure[3]. Economically, India has transitioned from a primarily agrarian society to a mixed economy with strong service, industrial, and agricultural sectors. The services sector, especially software and business services exports, has been a key driver of economic expansion[1]. Government initiatives like Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) schemes and trade reforms aim to boost manufacturing and exports, targeting $1 trillion in merchandise exports by 2030. Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) form a critical component of India's economy, contributing significantly to GDP, employment, and exports, with ongoing efforts to improve their productivity through digital adoption and infrastructure investment[2]. India's current status is marked by a growing middle class, technological innovation hubs (notably in IT and software services), and a strategic push toward green and inclusive development supported by international partnerships such as with the World Bank[1]. The country faces challenges such as income inequality, internet freedom concerns, and political complexities but maintains a favorable global view in many nations due to its economic potential and democratic framework[6][7]. In summary, India represents a dynamic and rapidly evolving organization-state that combines ancient cultural roots with modern economic ambition

China is not an organization but a sovereign nation and the world’s second-largest economy, playing a pivotal role in global business and technology. Since initiating economic reforms in 1978, China has transformed from a largely agrarian society into an upper-middle-income country with an average GDP growth of over 9 percent per year for decades, lifting nearly 800 million people out of poverty[2]. The country’s economic model initially focused on investment and export-oriented manufacturing but is now shifting towards higher-value services, domestic consumption, and low-carbon growth to address social, environmental, and structural challenges[2]. China’s government heavily directs industrial policy, promoting domestic innovation and technological self-reliance through plans like “Made in China 2025” and the 14th Five Year Plan (2021-2025). These initiatives target advanced technology sectors such as robotics, aerospace, new energy vehicles, biopharmaceuticals, and high-tech manufacturing, aiming to replace foreign technologies with domestic alternatives and expand China’s global market presence[3]. This industrial strategy combines state subsidies, preferential policies, and strict market access controls for foreign firms, shaping a competitive environment favoring national champions[3]. Despite solid economic growth—real GDP grew by 5.4% year-on-year in early 2025—China faces headwinds including demographic shifts, slowing productivity, a cooling property market, and global trade uncertainties. Growth is projected to moderate to around 4.5% in 2025 and 4.0% in 2026, with fiscal stimulus helping to offset some challenges[1][3][6]. Externally, China remains a major global exporter, with exports outpacing GDP growth in 2025[6]. Notably, China’s governance under President Xi Jinping has tightened control over civil society, media, and minority regions, drawing international scrutiny for human rights issues and repression, especially of Uyghurs and Tibetans[4][9]. Meanwhile, Chin

South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea, is a highly advanced and dynamic country located on the southern part of the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. It has transformed from a low-income nation into a global high-income economy known for its technological innovation and export-led growth. As of 2025, South Korea’s GDP reached approximately US$1.9 trillion, supported by robust exports totaling around US$684 billion, making it a major player in global trade, particularly in advanced memory chips and electronics[1][9]. Founded in 1948 under a constitution establishing a strong presidential system, South Korea today boasts a population of about 51.7 million, with Seoul as its vibrant capital city. It maintains a high standard of living, with a median age of 41.8 years and life expectancy of 82.5 years, supported by well-developed healthcare infrastructure[2]. The country’s political landscape is stable but has faced challenges, including a recent impeachment and martial law events in 2024–2025, reflecting ongoing tensions with North Korea and complex domestic politics[5]. South Korea’s economy is projected to grow modestly, around 0.8–1% in 2025, with government stimulus measures focusing on artificial intelligence and technology investments to counteract weak domestic demand and external risks such as US tariffs and slowing demand from China[1][3]. Its strategic diplomacy involves balancing relations with the US, Japan, China, and Russia amid shifting geopolitical dynamics in East Asia[4]. Technologically, South Korea is a global leader in digital government services, scoring significantly above the OECD average on the Digital Government Index (0.93 vs. 0.61), emphasizing data-driven governance and digital innovation[6]. Its business environment is attractive to foreign investors due to political stability, skilled labor, and world-class infrastructure[8]. Despite these strengths, South Korea faces ongoing social challenges, including discrimination against minorities and concerns over press freedom[5][7]. In summary