The **National Institutes of Health (NIH)** is the United States government’s premier agency for biomedical and public health research, operating under the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Founded in 1887 as a small Hygienic Laboratory, it has evolved into the largest biomedical research organization globally, with a budget of approximately $48 billion and a workforce of about 18,700 employees[2][4][6]. NIH’s mission is to seek fundamental knowledge about living systems and apply that knowledge to improve health, extend life, and reduce illness and disability[2][6]. NIH is composed of 27 specialized Institutes and Centers (ICOs), each focusing on specific diseases or bodily systems, such as cancer, heart disease, infectious diseases, neurological disorders, and aging. Examples include the National Cancer Institute and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. These ICOs conduct research internally and fund external research at universities, hospitals, and private organizations through grants, making NIH the largest single supporter of biomedical research in the U.S.[1][2][7] A hallmark achievement of NIH is the Human Genome Project (1990–2003), which produced the first complete sequence of human DNA, revolutionizing genetics and medicine[2]. NIH research has led to landmark discoveries such as fluoride’s role in preventing tooth decay, lithium’s use in managing bipolar disorder, and the development of vaccines for hepatitis, Haemophilus influenzae, and HPV, impacting public health worldwide[4]. NIH maintains the National Library of Medicine, a leading medical information resource, and supports international research through entities like the Fogarty International Center, which fosters global biomedical collaborations[1][3]. Its Intramural Research Program is the largest biomedical research institution worldwide, employing thousands of scientists for basic, translational, and clinical research[4]. In business and technology contexts, NIH’s pioneering use of computing and data science to manage vast biomedical data sets drives innovation in health technologies and personalize