Resignation of Fed Governor Lael Brainard Kugler Opens Door for Trump to Reshape Federal Reserve

## Overview and Mission The Federal Reserve, often called the "Fed," is the central bank of the United States, established by Congress in 1913 to provide the nation with a safer, more flexible, and stable monetary and financial system[1]. Its mission centers on a dual mandate from Congress: to promote maximum employment and maintain price stability, ensuring the dollar retains its value over time[1]. The Fed operates through a unique hybrid structure, combining a national Board of Governors in Washington, D.C., with 12 independent regional Reserve Banks, including institutions like the Cleveland Fed[1]. This decentralized setup allows the Fed to closely monitor economic conditions across diverse regions, industries, and communities, while maintaining independence from short-term political influences[1]. ## Key Functions The Fed’s responsibilities are broad and vital to the U.S. economy. It conducts monetary policy—primarily by influencing interest rates—to achieve its employment and inflation goals[2]. The Fed also supervises and regulates banks to ensure the safety and soundness of the financial system, works to minimize systemic risks, and fosters efficient payment and settlement systems[2]. Additionally, it promotes consumer protection and community development, addressing emerging issues through research, supervision, and enforcement of consumer laws[2]. ## History and Evolution The Federal Reserve is the third central bank in U.S. history, following two failed attempts in the 19th century[1]. Its creation was a response to the financial turbulence of the early 20th century, aiming to prevent crises and stabilize the economy. Over time, the Fed has evolved, adopting more transparent and inclusive policymaking processes. For example, it now conducts regular reviews of its monetary policy framework, engaging with academics, businesses, and the public to refine its strategies and communications[3][5]. ## Recent Developments and Achievements In 2025, the Fed completed its second major review of its monetary policy strategy, tools, and communications, reaffirming its commitment to transparenc

The **Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC)** is the principal monetary policymaking body of the United States Federal Reserve System, responsible for directing open market operations—the Fed's most important monetary policy tool. Its main role is to influence interest rates and the growth of the U.S. money supply, aiming to fulfill congressionally mandated goals of maximum employment and price stability[1][2][3][5]. Established officially by the Banking Act of 1933 and fully constituted in 1936, the FOMC evolved from earlier informal committees coordinating Federal Reserve Banks' open market activities dating back to 1922[2][3]. The committee consists of 12 voting members: the seven members of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors, the president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, and four other Reserve Bank presidents who serve rotating one-year terms. Although only 12 vote, all 12 Reserve Bank presidents participate in discussions, providing vital regional economic insights[1][2][5]. The FOMC meets eight times annually to review economic and financial conditions, assess price stability, and set monetary policy, including a short-term target for the federal funds rate—the interest rate at which banks lend to each other overnight[4][6][8]. Four meetings each year include a Summary of Economic Projections and a press conference by the chair, currently Jerome Powell[4][6]. The committee’s decisions impact a wide range of economic variables, including employment, inflation, and financial market conditions, making their announcements highly anticipated by business and technology sectors[6]. Notably, the FOMC also coordinates with the U.S. Treasury for foreign exchange market interventions. Its actions have shaped U.S. monetary policy through economic crises and booms, helping guide sustainable economic growth and financial stability[2][3][5]. The FOMC's transparent communication strategy, including detailed meeting minutes and projections, enhances market understanding and reduces volatility[6]. In summary, the FOM