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The **National Institutes of Health (NIH)** is the United States' foremost federal agency dedicated to biomedical and public health research, operating under the Department of Health and Human Services. Established in 1887 initially as the Hygienic Laboratory, it has since evolved into the largest biomedical research funder globally, with an annual budget of approximately $47–48 billion and a workforce of about 18,700 employees[2][4][7]. NIH’s mission is to seek fundamental knowledge about living systems and apply that knowledge to enhance health, extend life, and reduce illness and disability. It achieves this by conducting direct research, funding studies at universities and hospitals nationwide, training scientists, and disseminating medical information[1][2][7]. The agency comprises 27 specialized Institutes and Centers (ICs), each focused on specific diseases or biological systems, such as cancer, heart disease, infectious diseases, aging, and neurological disorders[1][3][8]. Key historical milestones include its formalization as the nation’s primary medical research agency in 1944 under the Public Health Service Act and major expansions during the mid-20th century. One of its landmark achievements was leading the Human Genome Project (1990–2003), which mapped the human DNA sequence and revolutionized genetics and personalized medicine[2][3]. NIH research has contributed to many medical breakthroughs, including vaccines for hepatitis, human papillomavirus (HPV), and bacterial infections, as well as treatments for bipolar disorder and tooth decay prevention[3]. Its intramural research program is the world’s largest biomedical research enterprise, while its extramural funding supports over a quarter of all U.S. biomedical research annually[3]. Located primarily in Bethesda, Maryland, with facilities nationwide, NIH is noted for its scientific rigor, public accountability, and fostering innovation that drives advances in biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, and healthcare. It remains a critical institution at the intersection of science, technology, and public health polic

**JAMA Psychiatry** is a leading monthly peer-reviewed medical journal published by the American Medical Association (AMA), focusing on cutting-edge research in psychiatry, mental health, behavioral sciences, and allied fields.[1][2] Established in 1919 as *Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry*, it split in 1959 into *Archives of Neurology* and *Archives of General Psychiatry*; the latter rebranded to **JAMA Psychiatry** in 2013 as part of the JAMA Network consortium.[1][2] This evolution reflects its adaptation to modern publishing, integrating with AMA's broader portfolio for amplified reach across medicine, pediatrics, and neurology.[5] Today, under Editor-in-Chief Dost Öngür (Harvard University, McLean Hospital), it publishes weekly online (every Wednesday) and 12 print issues annually, attracting over 11.4 million article views and downloads yearly.[2][4] The journal's mission drives publication of original studies—from genetic mechanisms and neuroimaging to psychotherapeutic trials and epidemiological analyses—aiming to inform clinicians, spark debate on mental illness causes/treatments, and advance equity for affected communities.[2][3][5] Free access kicks in 12 months post-publication, with near-free availability in developing countries via WHO's HINARI, democratizing knowledge without author fees.[2] Key achievements include a stellar **2021 impact factor of 25.911** (3rd out of 157 psychiatry journals) and **2024's 17.1**, cementing its status as the most influential general psychiatry outlet.[1][4][5] It streamlines peer review, deciding most submissions in 50 days and publishing accepted articles online-first in 8-10 weeks.[5] Currently thriving within JAMA Network's Chicago-based operations, **JAMA Psychiatry** shapes mental health discourse amid rising tech-driven innovations like AI neuroimaging and digital the