Trump Signs Executive Order to Expand Access to Alternative Assets in Retirement Accounts

## Overview The 401(k) is not an organization, but rather a type of employer-sponsored retirement savings plan defined by a section of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code. It allows employees to contribute a portion of their salary on a pre-tax basis, with funds invested for growth over time and taxes deferred until withdrawal in retirement. Employers often match employee contributions, further incentivizing participation. This defined-contribution model places investment risk and responsibility on the individual, rather than the employer, marking a significant shift from traditional pension (defined-benefit) plans[2][4]. ## History The 401(k) originated with the Revenue Act of 1978, which introduced Section 401(k) to clarify the tax status of profit-sharing plans[1][3]. The provision was initially a technical adjustment, but benefits consultant Ted Benna recognized its potential and developed the first modern 401(k) plan in 1981[1]. Prior to this, Cash or Deferred Arrangements (CODAs) allowed some deferral of income and taxes, but lacked the structure and popularity of today’s 401(k)[1]. The Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) of 1974 laid important groundwork by regulating employer-sponsored plans and introducing Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs), but the 401(k) revolutionized retirement saving by making employee contributions central[1][4]. ## Key Achievements The 401(k) helped democratize retirement savings beyond pensions, which were historically available to a smaller segment of the workforce[2]. By the 1990s, it had become a cornerstone of American retirement planning, with automatic enrollment and employer matching bolstering participation rates[3]. The shift to defined-contribution plans gave employees more control over their investments and portability between jobs, addressing some limitations of traditional pensions[4]. ## Current Status Today, 401(k) plans are a standard benefit for full-time employees in the U.S., often viewed as essential for attracting an

Private equity (PE) is an alternative investment class involving the acquisition of equity ownership in companies that are not publicly traded or taking public companies private. PE firms raise capital from institutional investors and high-net-worth individuals to form funds, which they use to buy controlling or significant stakes in target companies[1][2][3]. These firms then actively work with the companies’ management teams to improve operations, increase profitability, and grow value through strategies such as restructuring, strategic repositioning, product development, and operational efficiency[1][3][5]. Historically, private equity has evolved from simple ownership stakes to sophisticated investment strategies like leveraged buyouts (LBOs), where acquisitions are financed through a mix of debt and equity to amplify returns. More recently, growth equity investments have emerged, focusing on minority stakes in late-stage private companies with less reliance on debt[2]. PE firms typically hold investments for about 4–7 years before exiting via a sale to another company, public offering, or recapitalization, aiming to generate substantial returns for their investors[3][4]. The private equity industry plays a critical role in modern finance by injecting capital and expertise into companies across sectors—from healthcare and technology to energy and hospitality—helping to drive growth, innovation, and job creation[4]. In 2021 alone, PE invested over $1 trillion in U.S. companies, including thousands of small businesses, demonstrating its broad economic impact beyond major metropolitan areas[4]. Notable aspects of private equity include its strategic focus on enhancing company value through governance improvements, revenue growth, margin expansion, and capital structure optimization. PE firms leverage industry knowledge and operational experience to unlock value, often outperforming public markets especially as the number of public companies shrinks[3][5]. This blend of finance, management, and strategic execution makes private equity a vital and dynamic force in business and technology sectors globally.

There appears to be a misunderstanding in your query: "Real Estate" is not a specific organization but rather a broad industry sector encompassing the buying, selling, leasing, and management of property. However, if you are referring to the leading organizations and associations that shape the real estate industry, such as the National Association of Realtors (NAR), Urban Land Institute (ULI), and major commercial real estate firms like CBRE and JLL, here is a comprehensive summary: The real estate industry is a cornerstone of the global economy, responsible for the development, investment, and management of residential, commercial, and industrial properties. Key organizations like the National Association of Realtors (NAR), established in 1908, represent millions of professionals and advocate for policies that support property ownership and market transparency. The Urban Land Institute (ULI), founded in 1936, is a global research and education organization that advances sustainable land use and real estate development. These organizations play a pivotal role in shaping market trends, providing research, and influencing policy. For example, NAR publishes critical market data and insights, while ULI’s annual "Emerging Trends in Real Estate" report is a benchmark for industry professionals. Major commercial real estate firms like CBRE and JLL offer brokerage, investment, and advisory services, driving innovation and efficiency in property transactions. In 2025, the industry is navigating a complex landscape shaped by high interest rates, evolving tenant preferences, and technological advancements. The sector is seeing a shift towards smart buildings, data centers, and sustainable development, with organizations leading the charge in adopting new technologies and sustainable practices. Despite challenges, the real estate industry remains resilient, with organizations continuing to innovate and adapt to changing market conditions, ensuring their relevance in a rapidly evolving business and technology landscape.

The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations, established in 1948, with a mandate to promote global health, coordinate international responses to public health threats, and set standards for health policies and interventions[2]. Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, WHO operates in over 150 countries, working with governments, NGOs, and other partners to advance health equity, strengthen health systems, and respond to health emergencies. ## What WHO Does WHO’s core activities include monitoring global health trends, setting international health standards, providing technical assistance to countries, and serving as a forum for scientific and policy discussions on health issues[2]. The organization publishes influential reports such as the annual **World Health Statistics**, which tracks progress toward Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and provides a global “health report card”[1][8]. WHO also maintains the Model List of Essential Medicines, guiding countries on which drugs are most critical for public health[7]. In addition, WHO leads global campaigns on issues ranging from infectious disease eradication to noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), maternal and child health, and health emergencies[2][6]. ## History and Key Achievements WHO’s history is marked by landmark achievements, including the eradication of smallpox, near-eradication of polio, and the development of an Ebola vaccine[2]. The organization played a pivotal role in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic, coordinating global research, vaccine distribution, and public health guidance. In May 2025, WHO member states adopted the world’s first **Pandemic Agreement**, a historic step to improve international coordination and equity in future health crises[4]. WHO also spearheads initiatives like the Triple Billion Targets (healthier lives, universal health coverage, and protection from health emergencies) and technical policy packages targeting tobacco, alcohol, salt, and trans fat reduction[1][2]. ## Current Status and Notable Aspects WHO is currently implementing its **Fou